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Antiquity-Byzantium
Anatolian Languages (toponyms)
Armenia in the 6th Century
Asia Minor Around the Year Zero
Greeks in Anatolia "ad 0-2000"
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Balkans
Albanians in the 21st century
At the end of the 19th century, Crimea and Caucasus immigrants in Bulgaria
Ethnic Structure in Bulgaria
Ethnic/Religious Structure of Salonica Province - 1900
From 1912 to 1927, Thrace "Muslims and Christians"
Greek exchange from Turkey to Greece 1923-28
Islam in Bulgaria - 2021
Islamization of Eastern Thrace "1877-1927"
Macedonians "1900-2000"
Muslims in Northern Macedonia (1881-1893)
Nationality Map of the Vilayets of Kosovo, Salonica, Janina, and Manastir
Ottoman Non-Muslims - 1900
Ottoman Province of Thessalonica - 1900
Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey - 1923/27
Religion & Political Choise in Albania
Religious Structure in the Ottoman Empire in the Mid -19th Century - 1850
Turkish Population Change in Northern Macedonia (1877-2024)
Turkish-language toponyms in Bulgaria in the early 20th century
Turks in Macedonia - 1900
Western Rumeli (Balkans) Muslims - 1900
Ethnic/Religious Affiliation and Political Preference
Iran 2024 Presidential Election and Ethnic Structure
Religion & Political Choise in Albania
The political choice of Rumeli refugees
Language Families
Iranian Languages
Slavic Languages
Turkic Languages
Middle East and Caucasus
"Turks and Kurds" in Kars Oblast - 1886
Chrisianity in Lebanon - 2024
Crimean Tatars
Ethnic Structure in Cyprus "Before 1974 and Today"
Genetic Eastern Eurasian Heritage in Western Turks
Iran 2024 Presidential Election and Ethnic Structure
Iran Linguistic Map
Iran's Turkish population
North Caucasians in the 21st century
Ottoman Non-Muslims - 1900
Palestine, Israel and Lebanon "Ethno-Religious Structure"
Religious Structure in the Ottoman Empire in the Mid -19th Century - 1850
Syria's Ethno -Dini Structure - 1935
The past/present of the ethnic structure in Armenia "1886-2024"
Turkish place names in Armenia - 1900
Turks & Armenians - 1886
Turks, Kurds and Circassians in Syria - 2024
Turks, Kurds and current political situation in Syria-Iraq
Turkey - Provinces
Adıyaman's past/present 1893-2024
Cultural Structure & Sub -Identity in Balıkesir
Cultural Structure & Sub -Identity in Bilecik
Cultural Structure & Sub -Identity in Eskişehir
Cultural Structure & Sub-Identity in Afyon
Düzce's immigrants
Elazığ's past/present 1893-2024
Erzurum Kurds and Dem Party
Ethnic Structure and 2024 Elections in Kayseri
Ethnic structure and political choice in Iğdır
Ethnic Structure and Political Preference in Artvin
Ethnic Structure of Kars - 1897
Ethnic structure of Trabzon and old place names
Ethnic-Genetic Structure of Ardahan
Ethno-Religious Structure of Edirne - 2024
Ethno-Religious Structure of Erzincan - 2025
Ethno-Religious Structure of Erzurum - 2025
Ethno-Religious Structure of Tokat - 2025
Ethno-Religious Structure of Trabzon Province - 1914
Etno-Dini structure of Hatay at the beginning of the 20th century
Etno-Religious Structure of Tekirdağ - 2024
Kars - History of the Religious Structure "1876-1897-1927"
Kurdish tribes of Kahramanmaras
Kurdish tribes of Malatya
Kurdish tribes of Sivas
Number of Churches in the Provinces of Türkiye
Past/present of Mardin 1893-2025
Political Preferences of Hatay Arabs
Religious Structure and 2023 Elections in Malatya
Rize's ethnic structure and old place names
Sivas 2023 Elections and Alevis
The past/present of the ethnic structure in Diyarbakır "1915 - 2025"
Tunceli's past/present 1893-2025
Turkish place names before the Republic in Trabzon and Eastern Eurasia Genetic Heritage
Turkey-ethnic
"Turks and Kurds" in Kars Oblast - 1886
1000 years of Anatolia "non -Sunnis"
Alevis of Turkey (c. 2024)
Alevism in Turkey 1500/2000
Armenian geography of Turkey
Armenian Place Names - 1950
Armenian place names - on the basis of districts
Armenians in history.jpeg
Armenians of Turkey (1914)
Azerbaijanis in Turkey
Christians in Eastern Thrace - 1912
Dersim - North and South
Distribution of Turkish Location Names - In the early 20th century
Ethnic Structure in the East and Southeast - 2025
Ethno-Religious Structure of Trabzon Province - 1914
Genetic East Eurasia Heritage in Turkey
Greeks in Anatolia "ad 0-2000"
Islam in Turkey - AD 1000/1500
Kurdish/Zaza population density on the basis of districts in Türkiye - 2025
Kurds in History
Kurds in Turkey "1915-2024"
Manavs
Native Languages of Turkey - 1927
Native Languages of Turkey - 2024
Natives and immigrants - Marmara Region
Non -Muslims in Turkey - 1900
Ottoman Non-Muslims - 1900
Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey - 1923/27
Religion and Sects in Turkey - 1900
Religion and Sects in Turkey - 2025
Turkey's Balkan immigrants
Turkey's immigrants - 1856-1924
Turkey's Zazas
Turkish place names in the Eastern Black Sea
Türkiye Alevis - provinces and districts on the basis
Turkmen Alevis in Anatolia in the mid -15th century
Turkey-political
1908 Parliamentary Elections - Ottoman
2017 referendum / 2023 Presidential election
2023 Election Results in Alevi Kurdish/Zaza settlements
2023 Election Results in Zaza Settlements
2023 Elections on the Basis of the Re-Welfare and Victory Party
2023 General Elections on Minor Parties
2023 Presidential Election Results
2023 Türkiye Presidential election II. Type
3 News Channel in Google Web Searches
AK Party vs CHP + IYI Party - 2023
Before 1980, 5 "1961-77" and 5 "1983-99" 1983-99 "General Election of the Central Left
Before and after the 80 coup, the center left
Confrontation of the center right
Extreme right against the center right
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu in the east and southeast - 2023
Left "1977-2023" in Turkey
Liberalism in Turkey "New democracy and liberal democrat"
Mardin Arabs and Erdogan
Minor Parties 2023: Hometown Party
Minor Parties 2023: Re -Welfare Party
Minor Parties 2023: Türkiye Labor Party
Minor Parties 2023: Victory Party
Political Preferences of Hamshens - 2024 Provincial Assembly (Rize and Artvin Case)
Political Preferences of Hatay Arabs
Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarian) in the 2023 elections
Sivas 2023 Elections and Alevis
The first general elections after the 1980 coup of the Central Sol and the first general elections
The political history of the "erbakanism" ideology
The political history of the "idealism/national conservatism" ideology
Who won before the AK Party?
YSP/Dem Party in the East and Southeast - 2023
Asia Minor Around the Year Zero
Categories:
Antiquity-Byzantium
created: October 8, 2024
updated: April 13, 2025
Our
map
shows
data
compiled
from
ancient
sources
regarding
the
ethnic
and
linguistic
structure
of
Anatolia
around
the
year
0.
The
main
sources
are
Strabo
of
Amasya's
Geography,
completed
around
17
AD,
and
Pliny
the
Elder's
encyclopedic
work
Naturalis
historia,
written
around
70
AD.
In
addition,
the
language
distribution
of
historical
place
names
in
the
Nişanyan
Yer
Adları
(Nişanyan
Place
Names)
has
been
taken
into
account.
Useful
sources
for
the
eastern
provinces,
however,
only
become
abundant
towards
the
end
of
the
4th
century
AD.
1.
In
my
opinion,
the
most
striking
graphic
element
of
the
map
is
the
distribution
of
Greek
cities.
The
Greeks
did
not
multiply
in
Anatolia
through
mass
migration
and
reproduction.
They
spread
by
establishing
cities,
a
completely
new
form
of
social
organization.
A
city
(polis)
implies
certain
institutions
(temple,
theater,
gymnasion,
assembly),
a
common
system
of
belief
(Greek
mythology),
and
a
common
written
language
(Greek).
The
city's
population
was
probably
overwhelmingly
native.
However,
the
common
language
is
Greek,
and
the
common
religion
is
the
Olympian
religion.
ALL
cities
are
Greek
cities.
A
non-Greek
city
is,
I
believe,
an
unheard-of
concept
until
the
mid-3rd
century.
The
first
Greek
cities
worthy
of
the
title
"city"
were
on
the
Ionian
coast
in
the
6th
century
BC.
From
the
4th
century
BC
onwards,
they
spread
to
the
coasts
and
penetrate
inland
from
the
Aegean
valleys.
From
66
BC
onwards,
cities
built
according
to
the
Greek
model,
such
as
Nicopolis
and
Pompeiopolis,
appear
in
the
interior
of
Anatolia
with
the
military
power
of
the
Romans.
Those
settled
here
are
partly
Roman
soldiers
and
partly
the
local
servant
class.
However,
these
cities
are
Greek
in
terms
of
language,
religion,
culture,
and
belonging.
During
the
imperial
era,
urban
culture
will
spread
throughout
the
country
(with
the
help
of
tax
breaks),
and
the
language
of
the
cities
(Greek)
and
the
new
religious
synthesis
(Christianity)
will
become
standard
throughout
Anatolia
by
the
4th
century.
2.
The
Thracians
possessed
established
kingdoms
in
Southern
Bulgaria
and
Thrace,
dating
back
to
the
second
millennium
BC.
We
know
about
20-25
words,
about
60
place
names,
and
a
few
personal
names
from
their
language.
It
is
an
Indo-European
language.
The
degree
of
its
relationship
to
the
Anatolian
languages
is
unknown.
We
know
that
there
were
Thracian
settlements
in
Bithynia
(Kocaeli
peninsula,
Yalova,
etc.).
The
place
names
Byzantion,
Silivri,
Çorlu,
and
Vize
are
Thracian.
3.
Homer
recounts
that
the
people
on
the
Anatolian
side
of
Çanakkale
descended
from
an
ancestor
named
Dardanos.
The
Dardan-
element
appears
as
a
place
and
personal
name
throughout
the
Balkan
geography.
Dardania
means
belonging
to
the
Illyrian-origin
people
of
today's
Kosovo.
Around
the
year
0,
the
native
people
of
Çanakkale
(Anatolian
side)
and
Balıkesir
are
called
Mysians.
They
are
probably
the
same
tribe
or
its
continuation.
4.
Bithynia
possessed
a
powerful
kingdom
until
74
BC.
The
royal
dynasty
is
of
local
(Bithynian)
origin,
but
from
the
3rd
century
BC
onwards,
they
bear
Greek
or
Persian
names.
Perhaps
all
of
the
districts
of
Bursa,
Bilecik,
and
Sakarya
could
have
been
shown
as
Bithynian
on
the
map.
5.
The
Mygdons,
who
gave
their
name
to
the
Mudanya
district,
came
from
the
sea,
clashed
with
the
Bithynians,
and
settled
on
the
coast.
The
name
is
probably
the
Macedonian
equivalent.
6.
The
Mariandyni
were
natives
of
Karadeniz
Ereğlisi.
Their
borders
are
specified
as
the
Sakarya
in
the
west
and
the
Filyos
River
in
the
east.
Some
time
before
the
Christian
era,
they
were
defeated
by
the
Paphlagonians
and
merged
with
them.
7.
The
area
between
the
Bartın
River
and
the
Kızılırmak
was
the
country
of
Paphlagonia.
The
Paphlagonians
are
probably
the
continuation
of
the
Kaşka
people
mentioned
in
the
2nd
millennium
BC.
They
had
a
language
belonging
to
a
separate
branch
from
Hittite
in
the
Indo-European
group.
8.
9.
10.
12.
13.
The
Lydians,
Carians,
Lycians,
Pisidians,
and
Lycaonians
probably
possessed
different
Anatolian
languages
that
were
a
continuation
of
the
old
Luwian
language.
The
Lydians'
homeland
is
Salihli,
the
Carians'
is
between
Söke
and
Bodrum
and
the
southern
shore
of
the
Büyük
Menderes,
the
Lycians'
is
the
Teke
Peninsula
between
Dalaman
and
Adrasan,
the
Pisidians'
is
the
Lakes
region,
and
the
Lycaonians'
is
the
Konya
Plain.
11.
14.
Strabo
reports
that
four
places
around
Kibyra
in
Burdur
Gölhisar
spoke
Lycian
and
Greek,
but
had
their
own
separate
language.
The
Solymi,
who
resided
in
the
city
of
Telmessos
like
an
eagle's
nest
to
the
west
of
Antalya,
were
a
wild
tribe
that
spread
fear
to
all
the
peoples
around
them.
We
have
no
information
about
their
language.
15.
It
is
recorded
that
the
people
of
Pamphylia
consisted
of
very
diverse
tribes.
The
name
of
the
country
means
"all
tribes".
Pan
means
"all",
phylê
means
"tribe".
16.
The
Isaurians,
who
lived
in
the
Ermenek-Hadim
region,
maintained
a
strong
ethnic
identity
and
probably
a
separate
language
until
as
late
as
the
end
of
the
5th
century.
In
476,
a
local
potentate
named
Tarasi,
son
of
Kodissa,
became
the
Eastern
Roman
emperor
through
a
military
coup.
17.
On
the
small
map,
we
see
the
distribution
of
ancient
place
names
in
Old
Anatolian
languages
(i.e.,
languages
related
to
Hittite
and
Luwian).
We
can
assume
that
the
native
people
in
this
area
spoke
various
Anatolian
languages.
However,
our
knowledge
about
the
year
0
is
insufficient.
18.
The
Phrygians,
probably
coming
from
the
Balkans
at
the
beginning
of
the
1st
millennium
BC,
settled
in
the
Inner
Aegean
region
after
spreading
terror
throughout
Anatolia.
They
formed
a
dominant
class
over
the
native
Anatolian-speaking
people.
Almost
all
of
the
ancient
place
names
in
the
region
are
in
Anatolian
languages.
The
Moskhi/Muşki
tribe,
whose
names
were
heard
in
Kayseri,
Elazığ
and
Palu,
the
Muş
Plain,
and
even
Artvin
and
Göle
in
the
8th
century
BC,
was
also
most
likely
a
branch
of
the
Phrygians.
19.
The
Galatians
are
Western
or
Central
European
Celts.
In
278
BC,
after
burning
and
looting
the
Balkans
in
a
large
group,
they
crossed
over
to
Anatolia.
They
established
three
tribal
kingdoms
in
Pessinus
(Eskişehir
Ballıhisar),
Ankyra
(Ankara),
and
Tavion
(Yozgat
Büyüknefes).
They
preserved
their
language
until
the
4th
century
AD.
Most
of
the
place
names,
including
Ankyra,
are
not
Galatian,
but
in
old
Anatolian
languages.
20.
The
people
of
the
Cilicia
region,
stretching
from
Alanya
to
Ceyhan,
are
probably
not
a
single
tribe.
The
place
names
show
a
different
structure
from
the
Anatolian
Languages.
Some
of
them
bear
Semitic
language
(Phoenician?
Aramaic?)
characteristics.
It
appears
that
there
is
also
an
archaic
Hellenic
(Danao)
element
from
the
Bronze
Age
in
the
region.
21.
The
Cappadocians,
forming
two
separate
groups
centered
in
Kayseri
and
Samsun,
are
enigmatic.
In
the
8th
century
BC,
the
Cimmerians,
an
Iranian
tribe,
settled
between
Kayseri
and
Gürün-Darende
or
established
dominance
in
that
region.
(Armenian
historians
call
Cappadocia
"Cimmerian
Country"
–
Kamirk.)
In
contrast,
the
city
of
Mazaka/Majak
(Kayseri)
was
founded
by
the
Muşkis.
(According
to
ancient
Armenian
historians,
the
Muşkis
are
Armenians
or
subjects
of
the
Armenian
king.)
In
the
4th-3rd
centuries
BC,
Persian
or
Median
culture
seems
to
have
dominated
the
kingdom
of
Cappadocia.
The
rulers
bear
Iranian
names.
And
yet,
according
to
Strabo
and
his
contemporaries,
the
people
of
Cappadocia
and
Pontos
(Amasya-Samsun)
are
"White
Syrians"
(Leukosyrioi).
Countless
academic
articles
have
been
written
about
what
this
means.
There
are
no
place
names
belonging
to
Anatolian
Languages
in
this
region,
or
only
one
or
two.
22.
The
Mardaites,
living
in
Maraş
and
the
Amanos
Mountains
to
the
south,
are
mentioned
at
the
earliest
after
the
Islamic
conquest.
However,
the
name
Ceracime
(Curcumlu)
given
to
this
people
by
the
Arabs
must
be
an
archaic
name.
We
have
no
information
about
their
origins
and
languages.
The
name
Mardait
brings
the
Medes
to
mind.
A
part
of
this
people,
who
remained
Christian
during
the
Umayyad
era,
would
be
exiled
to
Lebanon
and
Yemen,
another
part
to
Antalya,
the
12
Islands,
the
south
of
the
Peloponnese,
and
the
vicinity
of
Preveze.
23.
The
people
referred
to
in
ancient
sources
as
Gordy,
Kordy,
or
Kyrdoi
are
very
clearly
localized
to
the
north
and
east
of
Mount
Kürd
(Mount
Cudi).
These
are
today's
Şırnak
center
and
neighboring
districts.
Cezire
(Cizre)
is
not
included.
Hakkari
is
uncertain.
It
is
not
known
who
the
"cave
dwellers"
residing
in
the
Norduz
country
between
Hakkari
and
Van-Gürpınar
are.
24.
The
Medes
(Medoi,
Mardoi),
who
possessed
a
large
country
in
Western
Iran
and
briefly
ruled
the
world
at
the
beginning
of
the
7th
century
BC,
probably
spoke
the
same
language
as
the
Kurds
or
a
language
similar
to
it.
However,
they
are
shown
as
a
separate
tribe
from
the
Gordy/Kordy
in
all
(Greek,
Roman,
Armenian,
Syriac)
ancient
sources.
There
are
dynasties
of
Median
origin
(or
claiming
descent
from
Median
rulers)
who
are
dominant
in
the
Armenian
country
and
in
the
west
as
far
as
Kayseri.
However,
we
have
no
data
that
the
Median
language
and
culture
continued
to
live
in
this
area.
It
appears
that
they
adopted
the
Armenian
language
and
political
culture
in
many
instances.
When
the
Urartu
kingdom
was
destroyed
in
the
6th
century
BC,
it
is
recounted
that
the
Armenian
king
appointed
the
Median
king's
brother
or
relative,
and
on
this
occasion,
the
Medes
were
settled
in
the
Ağbak
(Başkale)
and
Gürpınar-Edremit
valley.
However,
by
the
4th
century
AD,
the
rulers
of
this
region
clearly
belonged
to
the
Armenian
language
and
political
culture.
The
Georgian
chronicle
records
that
in
the
age
of
legends,
the
Georgian
king
built
the
Ardahan
fortress
and
settled
"Medes
with
devilish
tongues"
in
the
region.
25.
There
is
no
doubt
that
Armenian
was
the
common
and
dominant
language
in
the
country
that
the
Romans
called
Armenia
Major.
Almost
all
of
the
old
place
names
in
the
region
we
have
indicated
with
25
are
Armenian.
The
legends
of
the
local
bey
dynasties
have
been
recorded
extensively
after
the
4th
century.
26.
The
Sivas
and
Şebinkarahisar
region,
which
the
Romans
called
Armenia
Minor,
came
under
the
rule
of
the
Pontus
kings
first,
and
then
the
Romans
in
the
1st
century
BC,
and
as
far
as
can
be
understood,
it
was
more
or
less
Hellenized.
This
region
does
not
play
a
role
in
ancient
Armenian
history.
No
activity
of
the
Armenian
church
established
in
the
4th
century
has
been
recorded
in
this
region
(before
the
era
of
Turkish
conquests).
27.
Herodotus
and
other
Ancient
Greek
historians
record
that
a
tribe
called
Saspeires
lived
in
İspir.
The
name
is
structurally
in
Georgian
or
a
similar
language.
However,
this
region
was
conquered
by
the
Armenians
at
an
uncertain
date
before
or
after
Christ.
All
of
the
old
place
names
that
have
survived
to
the
present
day
are
Armenian.
28.
29.
Ancient
Armenian
historians
state
that
there
were
tribes
in
Pasinler
(Paseank,
28)
and
Kars
(29)
who
were
not
originally
Armenian
but
had
more
or
less
adopted
the
Armenian
language
and
culture.
According
to
the
same
historians,
the
people
of
Kars
are
from
the
peoples
of
the
northern
Caucasus.
They
may
be
of
Caucasian,
Iranian,
or
Turkic
origin.
30.
31.
Kings
who
bore
Persian
names,
declared
affiliation
to
the
Median
or
Persian
dynasty,
but
had
close
kinship
and
cultural
relations
with
the
Armenian
kings,
reigned
in
Sophene
(Çemişgezek,
Pertek;
later
Elazığ,
Ergani,
and
Eğil)
and
Kommagene
(Adıyaman).
We
have
no
information
about
the
composition
of
the
population.
The
Romans
always
characterize
Sophene
as
Armenia.
This
term
is
not
used
for
Kommagene.
Looking
at
subsequent
developments,
it
can
be
assumed
that
the
population
of
Kommagene
was
predominantly
Aramaic/Syriac,
and
that
the
southern
provinces
that
Sophene
later
acquired
were
at
least
partially
Aramaic/Syriac.
32.
Our
knowledge
of
the
areas
we
have
shown
in
pale
brown
is
very
limited.
These
places
are
shown
among
the
properties
of
the
Armenian
kings,
but
there
is
almost
no
information
about
people,
events,
and
settlements.
34.
The
southeastern
provinces
belong
to
the
Aramaic/Assyrian
culture,
which
is
the
dominant
culture
of
the
ancient
Middle
East.
The
Silvan-Batman-Sason-Bitlis
region
is
a
principality
or
kingdom
that
was
sometimes
subject
to
the
Armenian
kings
but
prided
itself
on
being
of
the
lineage
of
the
Assyrian
kings.
The
kingdom
of
Osroene
in
Urfa,
which
lasted
until
the
3rd
century
AD,
is
the
homeland
of
the
Aramaic
written
language
called
'Syriac'.
However,
the
Roman
Pliny
the
Elder
defines
the
Urfa
region
to
the
left
of
the
Euphrates
as
"Arabia"
in
the
1st
century.
33.
Nomadic
tribes
bearing
the
name
"Arab"
are
recorded
in
and
around
Harran
starting
from
before
the
Christian
era.
However,
there
is
no
consensus
in
the
academic
literature
about
what
the
Arab
mentioned
here
means.
According
to
some
views,
the
name
Arab
is
given
to
Aramaic-speaking
nomadic
tribes
or
rebellious
tribes
that
are
not
subject
to
settled
political
structures.
35.
It
is
said
that
the
native
people
who
formed
a
settled
culture
in
Şemdinli
and
Hakkari
central
district
are
Assyrians
speaking
another
Aramaic
dialect.
It
is
impossible
to
find
reliable
information
about
the
detailed
history
of
the
region,
let
alone
before
Christ,
until
the
19th
century.
36.
The
provinces
of
Artvin
and
Ardahan
are
subject
to
the
kingdom
of
Iberia,
which
later
took
the
name
"Georgian".
Place
and
personal
names
are
mentioned
in
the
compilation
of
archaic
texts
called
the
Georgian
Chronicle.
37.-42.
Greek
and
Roman
historians
mention
the
tribes
called
Taokhi
in
the
Yusufeli
district,
Kolkhi
on
the
Atina-Hopa-Batum
coast,
Mossynoeki
(“tree
dwellers”)
or
Heptakometes
(“seven
villagers”)
in
the
Hemşin
and
Of
mountains,
Khalybes
or
Khaldi
in
Gümüşhane
and
Torul,
Makrones
around
Trabzon
and
Maçka,
and
Tibareni
in
Ordu
and
Giresun.
Based
on
the
tribal
and
place
names,
it
can
be
thought
that
these
had
Kartvelian
languages
like
Georgian
(or
were
named
by
Kartvelian
speakers,
or
attributed
Kartvelian
names
to
themselves).